Summarizing the output of a Monte Carlo method for uncertainty evaluation

The 'Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement' (GUM) requires that the way a measurement uncertainty is expressed should be transferable. It should be possible to use directly the uncertainty evaluated for one measurement as a component in evaluating the uncertainty for another measurement that depends on the first. Although the method for uncertainty evaluation described in the GUM meets this requirement of transferability, it is less clear how this requirement is to be achieved when GUM Supplement 1 is applied. That Supplement uses a Monte Carlo method to provide a sample composed of many values drawn randomly from the probability distribution for the measurand. Such a sample does not constitute a convenient way of communicating knowledge about the measurand. In this paper consideration is given to obtaining a more compact summary of such a sample that preserves information about the measurand contained in the sample and can be used in a subsequent uncertainty evaluation. In particular, a coverage interval for the measurand that corresponds to a given coverage probability is often required. If the measurand is characterized by a probability distribution that is not close to being Gaussian, sufficient information has to be conveyed to enable such a coverage interval to be computed reliably. A quantile function in the form of an extended lambda distribution can provide adequate approximations in a number of cases. This distribution is defined by a fixed number of adjustable parameters determined, for example, by matching the moments of the distribution to those calculated in terms of the sample of values. In this paper, alternative flexible models for the quantile function and methods for determining a quantile function from a sample of values are proposed for meeting the above needs.