Time transfer through optical fibres over a distance of 73 km with an uncertainty below 100 ps

We demonstrate the capability of accurate time transfer using optical fibres over long distances utilizing a dark fibre and hardware which is usually employed in two-way satellite time and frequency transfer (TWSTFT). Our time transfer through optical fibre (TTTOF) system is a variant of the standard TWSTFT by employing an optical fibre in the transmission path instead of free-space transmission of signals between two ground stations through geostationary satellites. As we use a dark fibre there are practically no limitations to the bandwidth of the transmitted signals so that we can use the highest chip rate of the binary phase-shift modulation available from the commercial equipment. This leads to an enhanced precision compared with satellite time transfer where the occupied bandwidth is limited for cost reasons. The TTTOF system has been characterized and calibrated in a common-clock experiment at PTB, and the combined calibration uncertainty is estimated as 74 ps. In a second step the remote part of the system was operated at Leibniz Universitat Hannover, Institut fur Quantenoptik (IQ) separated by 73 km from PTB in Braunschweig. In parallel, a GPS time transfer link between Braunschweig and Hannover was established, and both links connected a passive hydrogen maser at IQ with the reference time scale UTC(PTB) maintained in PTB. The results obtained with both links agree within the 1-sigma uncertainty of the GPS link results, which is estimated as 0.72 ns. The fibre link exhibits a nearly ten-fold improved stability compared with the GPS link, and assessment of its performance has been limited by the properties of the passive maser.