期刊
METEOROLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT
卷 20, 期 5, 页码 541-552出版社
E SCHWEIZERBARTSCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG
DOI: 10.1127/0941-2948/2011/0254
关键词
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资金
- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) [FZK: 01LS05020]
- German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development (GIF) [955-36.8/2007]
This study deals with a current problem of urban human-biometeorology on the micro-scale, which becomes more important due to the future increase of severe summer heat in Central Europe. The impact of street design parameters on the thermal comfort of citizens is analysed in an experimental way for typical summer conditions in Central Europe. The investigation is focused on the behaviour of mean radiant temperature T-mrt and physiologically equivalent temperature PET as the most important human-biometeorological variables for thermal comfort during these atmospheric conditions. To get quantitative results on how they depend on small-scale characteristics of urban street canyons, an investigation design is applied which is based on measurements of relevant meteorological variables-like air temperature T-a - by specific humanbiometeorological measuring systems. They were conducted in selected street canyons within different urban quarters of Freiburg, the warmest city in Germany, from 2007-2009. T-mrt and PET were calculated from the measured meteorological variables by well-tested approaches. The geometry of urban street canyons is characterised by (i) the sky view factor SVF determined from fish-eye photos, (ii) the ratio of building height H to street width W, (iii) the orientation to the sun, and (iv) the fraction of ctc (coverage by the street tree canopy). To eliminate the influence of slightly different weather conditions even on typical summer days, the results are not presented in form of absolute values for the human-biometeorological variables, but in form of ratios for the measured radiative flux densities and in form of differences for the measured and calculated temperatures. As the results for T-mrt and PET should primarily quantify universal patterns of the impact of street design parameters on human thermal comfort, they are only presented as mean values for the period 10-16 CET. The main results obtained from different analyses are: (i) SVF for the southern half of the upper hemisphere (SVF90-270) is more suitable to characterise the sites with respect to the thermal perception of citizens than SVF for the whole upper hemisphere (SVF1-360), (ii) in contrast to wide E-W oriented street canyons, narrow E-W oriented street canyons have larger spatial differences in T-a, T-mrt and PET, (iii) with respect to the orientation, these differences are larger in E-W than in N-S oriented street canyons, and (iv) an increase of ctc by 10 % leads to a decrease of T-a by only 0.2 degrees C, but to a reduction of T-mrt by 3.6 degrees C and of PET by 1.4 degrees C.
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