The dilution and dispersion of ballast water discharged into Goderich Harbor

Observations are presented on dilution and dispersion rates of ballast water discharged under normal operational conditions at the semi-enclosed port of Goderich, Ontario. The ballast water was tagged with Rhodamine-WT dye and microscopic magnetically-attractive tracer particles. Maximum concentrations of dye immediately after discharge were diluted to 1-5% of initial ballast tank concentrations, and within 3 days had decreased to less than 0.1% of initial concentrations. Inside the harbor, there was 10-20% of the ballast water still present after 2 days, consistent with a flushing rate of 0.8-1.15 day(-1). Magnetic particles were collected up to 7.5 km outside the harbor after one day, consistent with a dilution factor of order 10(5) outside the harbor. The results of this study are discussed in the context of ballast water discharge standards proposed by the international Maritime Organization to minimize the introduction of aquatic nonindigenous species through ships' ballast water and sediments. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.