Fe(III) Distribution Varies Substantially Within and Between Atherosclerotic Plaques

PurposeVulnerable atherosclerotic plaques are structurally weak and prone to rupture, presumably due to local oxidative stress. Redox active iron is linked to oxidative stress and the aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of Fe(III) in carotid plaques and its relation to vulnerability for rupture. MethodsAtherosclerotic plaques from 10 patients (three asymptomatic and seven symptomatic) were investigated. Plaque vulnerability was classified using ultrasound and immunohistochemistry and correlated to Fe(III) measured by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. ResultsLarge intra-plaque Fe(III) variations were found. Plaques from symptomatic patients had a higher Fe(III) concentration as compared with asymptomatic plaques (0.360.21 vs. 0.06 +/- 0.04 nmol Fe(III)/mg tissue, P<0.05, in sections adjoining narrowest part of the plaques). All but one plaque from symptomatic patients showed signs of cap rupture. No plaque from asymptomatic patients showed signs of cap rupture. There was a significant increase in cap macrophages in plaques from symptomatic patients compared with asymptomatic patients (31 +/- 11% vs. 2.3 +/- 2.3%, P<0.01). ConclusionFe(III) distribution varies substantially within atherosclerotic plaques. Plaques from symptomatic patients had significantly higher concentrations of Fe(III), signs of cap rupture and increased cap macrophage activity. Magn Reson Med 71:885-892, 2014. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.