Phytochemical compositions, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of twenty-two red rice samples grown in Zhejiang

Twenty-two red rice samples (11 lines grown in 2 seasons) were investigated for their total phenolic contents, phenolic acid and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside compositions, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The antioxidant capacities were measured as the relative DPPH center dot scavenging capacity (RDSC), ABTS(center dot+) scavenging ability and ferric reducing ability power (FRAP). The total phenolic contents were 433-2213 mu g ferulic acid equivalents (FAE)/g, whereas the cyanidin-3-O-glucoside concentration was 11.6-16.5 mu g/g in the red rice samples. For the first time, isoferulic acid was detected in rice, and syringic and chlorogenic acids were observed in red rice. Red rice lines also differed in their levels of chlorogenic, sinapic, p-coumaric, 4-hydroxybenzoic, syringic, vanillic, ferulic and isoferulic acids, as well as their scavenging capacities against DPPH center dot, ABTS(center dot+) and FRAP. In addition, red rice extracts suppressed LPS stimulated IL-1 beta, IL-6 and COX-2 mRNA expressions in the cultured RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells in a dose-dependent manner. The results from this study may promote potential use of red rice for improving human health. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.