Inorganic carbon uptake by Southern Ocean phytoplankton

We report the results of laboratory and field studies examining inorganic carbon (C-i) utilization by Southern Ocean phytoplankton. Both in monospecific laboratory cultures of diatoms and Phaeocystis antarctica and in natural assemblages in the Ross Sea, Ci uptake by phytoplankton was dominated by direct HCO3- transport. The contribution of HCO3- transport to total Ci uptake ranged from 65% to 95%, with an overall average of similar to 80%. There was no significant difference among diatoms and Phaeocystis in the extent of HCO3- transport. Extracellular carbonic anhydrase activity (eCA) was detected in eight of nine laboratory phytoplankton cultures and in all natural assemblages in the Ross Sea. The effective catalytic enhancement of HCO3- : CO2 interconversion ranged from 1.5- to 13-fold (overall mean similar to 4-fold). Diatom-dominated Ross Sea assemblages had significantly greater eCA levels than did Phaeocystis-dominated assemblages. We found no strong correlations between Ci uptake parameters and in situ CO2 concentrations or chlorophyll a levels in the Ross Sea assemblages. Incubation experiments with natural assemblages showed that HCO3- uptake and eCA expression did not change significantly over an 8-fold range in pCO(2) (10.1-81.1 Pa), although total short-term C fixation rates increased under low CO2 conditions. Carbon-concentrating mechanisms are widespread among Southern Ocean phytoplankton and constitutively expressed by natural assemblages in the Ross Sea.