Intranasal administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG protects mice from H1N1 influenza virus infection by regulating respiratory immune responses

Aims: To investigate whether intranasal Lactobacillus administration protects host animals from influenza virus (IFV) infection by enhancing respiratory immune responses in a mouse model. Methods and Results: After 3 days of intranasal exposure to Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), BALB/c mice were infected with IFV A/PR/8/34 (H1N1). Mice treated with LGG showed a lower frequency of accumulated symptoms and a higher survival rate than control mice (P < 0 center dot 05). The YAC-1 cell-killing activity of lung cells isolated from mice treated with LGG was significantly greater than those isolated from control mice (P < 0 center dot 01). Intranasal administration of LGG significantly increased mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1 beta, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 (P < 0 center dot 01). Conclusions: These results suggest that intranasal administration of LGG protects the host animal from IFV infection by enhancing respiratory cell-mediated immune responses following up-regulation of lung natural killer (NK) cell activation. Significance and Impact of Study: We have demonstrated that probiotics might protect host animals from viral infection by stimulating immune responses in the respiratory tract.