Effect of comprehensive lifestyle changes on telomerase activity and telomere length in men with biopsy-proven low-risk prostate cancer: 5-year follow-up of a descriptive pilot study

Background Telomere shortness in human beings is a prognostic marker of ageing, disease, and premature morbidity. We previously found an association between 3 months of comprehensive lifestyle changes and increased telomerase activity in human immune-system cells. We followed up participants to investigate long-term eff ects. Methods This follow-up study compared ten men and 25 external controls who had biopsy-proven low-risk prostate cancer and had chosen to undergo active surveillance. Eligible participants were enrolled between 2003 and 2007 from previous studies and selected according to the same criteria. Men in the intervention group followed a programme of comprehensive lifestyle changes (diet, activity, stress management, and social support), and the men in the control group underwent active surveillance alone. We took blood samples at 5 years and compared relative telomere length and telomerase enzymatic activity per viable cell with those at baseline, and assessed their relation to the degree of lifestyle changes. Findings Relative telomere length increased from baseline by a median of 0 . 06 telomere to single-copy gene ratio (T/S) units (IQR -0 . 05 to 0 . 11) in the lifestyle intervention group, but decreased in the control group (-0 . 03 T/S units, -0 . 05 to 0 . 03, diff erence p= 0 . 03). When data from the two groups were combined, adherence to lifestyle changes was signifi cantly associated with relative telomere length after adjustment for age and the length of follow-up (for each percentage point increase in lifestyle adherence score, T/S units increased by 0 . 07, 95% CI 0 . 02-0 . 12, p= 0 . 005). At 5 years, telomerase activity had decreased from baseline by 0 . 25 (-2 . 25 to 2 . 23) units in the lifestyle intervention group, and by 1 . 08 (-3 . 25 to 1 . 86) units in the control group (p= 0 . 64), and was not associated with adherence to lifestyle changes (relative risk 0 . 93, 95% CI 0 . 72-1 . 20, p= 0 . 57). Interpretation Our comprehensive lifestyle intervention was associated with increases in relative telomere length after 5 years of follow-up, compared with controls, in this small pilot study. Larger randomised controlled trials are warranted to confirm this finding.