Physicochemical properties and chemical compositions of Melaleuca leucadendron leaf oils taken from the plantations in Java, Indonesia

Melaleuca leucadendron Linn. leaf oils from Gunung Kidul, Gundih and Sukun, Java, Indonesia, at tree ages of 5, 10, and 15 years were analyzed to elucidate their qualities and chemical compositions. These oils gave yields from 0.61% to 1.59%. The samples from Gundih produced the highest yields (1.42-1.59%) compared to those from Gunung Kidul and Sukun. These oils were colorless with an odor typical of Melaleuca oils. The specific gravity of essential oils in this study ranged from 0.870 to 0.912. The samples from Gunung Kidul were the highest in specific gravity (0.905-0.912). The refractive index values of oil samples ranged from 1.468 to 1.470, optical rotation ranged from (-)2.47A degrees to (-)0.98A degrees, and ratio miscibility of oils in 70% ethanol ranged from 1:1 to 1:9.67. The organoleptic profiles and physicochemical properties of M. leucadendron Linn. leaf oils in this study were evaluated based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 06-3954-2006 for standard quality of Melaleuca essential oils; only a few specific gravity values were below the standard. GC-MS spectrometry analysis indicated the presence of 26 compounds. Among them, 1,8-cineole (44.76-60.19%), alpha-terpineol (5.93-12.45%), d(+)-limonene (4.45-8.85%), and beta-caryophyllene (3.78-7.64%) were the major components. Samples from each site tended to decrease in 1,8-cineole content and increase in beta-caryophyllene content as plant age increased. alpha-Terpineol was highest at plant age 10 years, and d(+)-limonene varied according to plant site and age.