期刊
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
卷 112, 期 16, 页码 4999-5004出版社
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1421723112
关键词
emissions; carbon dioxide; urban; transportation; on-road
资金
- NASA [NNX12AM82G, NNH13CK02C]
- National Science Foundation [1149471, 1430145, 1038907, 1240507]
- Department of Energy [DE-FG02-06ER64204, DE-SC005171]
- Direct For Biological Sciences
- Division Of Environmental Biology [1149471] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Directorate For Geosciences [1240507] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Earth Sciences
- Directorate For Geosciences [1038907] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Div Of Industrial Innovation & Partnersh
- Directorate For Engineering [1430145] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- NASA [NNX12AM82G, 69719] Funding Source: Federal RePORTER
Emissions of CO2 from road vehicles were 1.57 billion metric tons in 2012, accounting for 28% of US fossil fuel CO2 emissions, but the spatial distributions of these emissions are highly uncertain. We develop a new emissions inventory, the Database of Road Transportation Emissions (DARTE), which estimates CO2 emitted by US road transport at a resolution of 1 km annually for 1980-2012. DARTE reveals that urban areas are responsible for 80% of on-road emissions growth since 1980 and for 63% of total 2012 emissions. We observe nonlinearities between CO2 emissions and population density at broad spatial/temporal scales, with total on-road CO2 increasing nonlinearly with population density, rapidly up to 1,650 persons per square kilometer and slowly thereafter. Per capita emissions decline as density rises, but at markedly varying rates depending on existing densities. We make use of DARTE's bottom-up construction to highlight the biases associated with the common practice of using population as a linear proxy for disaggregating national-or state-scale emissions. Comparing DARTE with existing downscaled inventories, we find biases of 100% or more in the spatial distribution of urban and rural emissions, largely driven by mismatches between inventory downscaling proxies and the actual spatial patterns of vehicle activity at urban scales. Given cities' dual importance as sources of CO2 and an emerging nexus of climate mitigation initiatives, high-resolution estimates such as DARTE are critical both for accurately quantifying surface carbon fluxes and for verifying the effectiveness of emissions mitigation efforts at urban scales.
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