期刊
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
卷 113, 期 1, 页码 146-151出版社
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1517092112
关键词
unmanaged pollinator; insect pollinator; fly; bee; beetle
资金
- University of New England seed grant
- European Union Project BeeFun [PCIG14-GA-2013-631653]
- Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro Grant [PI 40-B-399]
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas Resolucion [3260/14]
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas Expediente [3207/14]
- German Science Foundation
- Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs [BO-11-011.01-011, KB-14-003-006]
- European Community's Seventh Framework Programme [244090]
- European Community's Sixth Framework Programme [GOCE-CT-2003-506675]
- Swedish Farmers' Foundation for Agricultural Research
- Swedish Board of Agriculture
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Defra
- Natural Environment Research Council
- Scottish Government
- Wellcome Trust under the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative
- Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning
- Swiss National Science Foundation [3100A0-127632]
- Irish Environmental Protection Agency under the Sectoral Impacts on Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services (SIMBIOSYS) project [EPA 2007-B-CD-1-S1]
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Development-Brasilia Research Grants [05126/2013-0, 300005/2015-6]
- Israel Science Foundation
- North-South Centre, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich
- Ministry of the Environment
- Brazilian Research Council
- Mexico's Environmental Ministry [SEMARNAT-CONACyT 2002-C01-0194]
- Global Environment Research Fund of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan [E-0801, S-9]
- Thomas J. Watson Foundation
- Ministry for Business Innovation and Employment [C11X1309]
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/I000348/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- BBSRC [BB/I000348/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment (MBIE) [C11X1309] Funding Source: New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment (MBIE)
Wild and managed bees are well documented as effective pollinators of global crops of economic importance. However, the contributions by pollinators other than bees have been little explored despite their potential to contribute to crop production and stability in the face of environmental change. Non-bee pollinators include flies, beetles, moths, butterflies, wasps, ants, birds, and bats, among others. Here we focus on non-bee insects and synthesize 39 field studies from five continents that directly measured the crop pollination services provided by non-bees, honey bees, and other bees to compare the relative contributions of these taxa. Non-bees performed 25-50% of the total number of flower visits. Although non-bees were less effective pollinators than bees per flower visit, they made more visits; thus these two factors compensated for each other, resulting in pollination services rendered by non-bees that were similar to those provided by bees. In the subset of studies that measured fruit set, fruit set increased with non-bee insect visits independently of bee visitation rates, indicating that non-bee insects provide a unique benefit that is not provided by bees. We also show that non-bee insects are not as reliant as bees on the presence of remnant natural or seminatural habitat in the surrounding landscape. These results strongly suggest that non-bee insect pollinators play a significant role in global crop production and respond differently than bees to landscape structure, probably making their crop pollination services more robust to changes in land use. Non-bee insects provide a valuable service and provide potential insurance against bee population declines.
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