期刊
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
卷 113, 期 4, 页码 822-829出版社
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523341113
关键词
optogenetics; channelrhodopsin; structure; chloride; neuronal inhibition
资金
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
- Gatsby Charitable Foundation
- Wiegers Family Fund
- German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)
- Fidelity Foundation
- Ragnar Soderbergs Foundation
- Knut and Alice Wallenbergs Foundation
- Swedish Brain Foundation (Hjarnfonden)
- European Research Council
- German Research Foundation (DFG) [SFB1078 B2, FOR1279 SPP1665]
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)
- National Institutes of Health [R01NS080954, 5P50MH086403]
The structure-guided design of chloride-conducting channelrhodopsins has illuminated mechanisms underlying ion selectivity of this remarkable family of light-activated ion channels. The first generation of chloride-conducting channelrhodopsins, guided in part by development of a structure-informed electrostatic model for pore selectivity, included both the introduction of amino acids with positively charged side chains into the ion conduction pathway and the removal of residues hypothesized to support negatively charged binding sites for cations. Engineered channels indeed became chloride selective, reversing near -65 mV and enabling a new kind of optogenetic inhibition; however, these first-generation chloride-conducting channels displayed small photocurrents and were not tested for optogenetic inhibition of behavior. Here we report the validation and further development of the channelrhodopsin pore model via crystal structure-guided engineering of next-generation light-activated chloride channels (iC++) and a bistable variant (SwiChR++) with net photocurrents increased more than 15-fold under physiological conditions, reversal potential further decreased by another similar to 15 mV, inhibition of spiking faithfully tracking chloride gradients and intrinsic cell properties, strong expression in vivo, and the initial microbial opsin channel-inhibitor-based control of freely moving behavior. We further show that inhibition by light-gated chloride channels is mediated mainly by shunting effects, which exert optogenetic control much more efficiently than the hyperpolarization induced by light-activated chloride pumps. The design and functional features of these next-generation chloride-conducting channelrhodopsins provide both chronic and acute timescale tools for reversible optogenetic inhibition, confirm fundamental predictions of the ion selectivity model, and further elucidate electrostatic and steric structurefunction relationships of the light-gated pore.
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