Membrane Simulation Models from Nanometer to Micrometer Scale

Recent developments in lipid membrane models for simulations are reviewed. To reduce computational costs. various coarse-grained molecular models have been proposed. Among them, implicit solvent (solvent-free) Molecular models are relatively more coarse-grained and efficient for simulating large bilayer membranes. Oil a mu m scale, the Molecular details are typically negligible and the membrane call be described as a continuous Curved surface. The theoretical models for fluid and clastic membranes with mesh or meshless discretizations are presented. As examples of applications, the dynamics of vesicles in flows. vesicle formation, and membrane fusion are presented.