Li Ion Diffusion in the Anode Material Li12Si7: Ultrafast Quasi-1D Diffusion and Two Distinct Fast 3D Jump Processes Separately Revealed by 7Li NMR Relaxometry

The intermetallic compounds LixSiy have attracted considerable interest because of their potential use as anode materials in Li ion batteries. In addition, the crystalline phases in the Li-Si phase diagram turn out to be outstanding model systems for the measurement of fast Li ion diffusion in solids with complex structures. In the present work, the Li self-diffusivity in crystalline Li12Si7 was thoroughly probed by Li-7 NMR spin lattice relaxation (SLR) measurements. Variable-temperature and -frequency NMR measurements performed in both the laboratory and rotating frames of reference revealed three distinct diffusion processes in Li12Si7. The diffusion process characterized by the highest Li diffusivity seems to be confined to one dimension. It is one of the fastest motions of Li ions in a solid at low temperatures reported to date. The Li jump rates of this hopping process followed Arrhenius behavior; the jump rate was similar to 10(5) s(-1) at 150 K and reached 10(9) s(-1) at 425 K, indicating an activation energy as low as 0.18 eV.