Graphene Nanoribbons from Unzipped Carbon Nanotubes: Atomic Structures, Raman Spectroscopy, and Electrical Properties

We investigated the atomic structures, Raman spectroscopic and electrical transport properties of individual graphene nanoribbons (GNRs, widths similar to 10-30 nm) derived from sonochemical unzipping of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). Aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed a high percentage of two-layer (2 L) GNRs and some single-layer ribbons. The layer-layer stacking angles ranged from 0 degrees to 30 degrees including average chiral angles near 30 degrees (armchair orientation) or 0 degrees (zigzag orientation). A large fraction of GNRs with bent and smooth edges was observed, while the rest showed flat and less smooth edges (roughness <= 1 nm). Polarized Raman spectroscopy probed individual GNRs to reveal D/G ratios and ratios of D band intensities at parallel and perpendicular laser excitation polarization (D(parallel to)/D(perpendicular to)). The observed spectroscopic trends were used to infer the average chiral angles and edge smoothness of GNRs. Electrical transport and Raman measurements were carried out for individual ribbons to correlate spectroscopic and electrical properties of GNRs.