Nucleobase and Ribose Modifications Control Immunostimulation by a MicroRNA-122-mimetic RNA

Immune stimulation is a significant hurdle in the development of effective and safe RNA interference therapeutics. Here, we address this problem in the context of a mimic of microRNA-122 by employing novel nucleobase and known 2'-ribose modifications. The nucleobase modifications are analogues of adenosine and guanosine that contain cyclopentyl and propyl minor-groove projections. Via a site-by-site chemical modification analysis, we identify several immunostimulatory 'hot spots' within the miRNA guide strand at which single base modifications significantly reduce immune stimulation. A duplex containing one base modification on each strand proved to be most effective in preventing immune stimulation.