NaCu(Ta1-yNby)4O11 solid solution: A tunable band gap spanning the visible-light wavelengths

The new solid-solution NaCu(Ta1-yNby)(4)O-11 (0 <= 5 <= 0.7) was synthesized by solid-state methods in the form of bulk powders that ranged from light-yellow to brown colored and were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction techniques (Space group R-3c (#167); Z=6; a=6.214(1)-6.218(1) angstrom and c=36.86(1)-36.94(1) angstrom). Full-profile Rietveld refinements confirmed a site-differentiated ordering of the Cu(I) and Na cations, i.e., occupying the 12c (linear environment) and 18d (seven-coordinate environment) crystallographic sites respectively. Conversely, a statistical mixture of Ta(V) and Nb(V) cations occurred over the 6b (octahedral environment) or the 18e (pentagonal-bipyramidal environment) crystallographic sites, without any preferential segregation. The UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra showed a significant red-shift of the optical bandgap size (indirect) from similar to 2.70 eV to similar to 1.80 eV across the solid solution with increasing Nb(V) content. Electronic-structure calculations using the tight-binding linear-muffin-tin-orbital approach showed that the reduction in bandgap size arises from the introduction of the lower-energy Nb 4d(0) orbitals into the conduction band and consequently a lower energy of the conduction band edge. The lowest-energy bandgap transitions were found to be derived from electronic transitions between the filled Cu(I) and the empty Nb(V) d-orbitals, with a small amount of mixing with the O 2p orbitals. The resulting conduction and valence band energies are found to approximately bracket the redox potentials for water reduction and oxidation, and meeting the thermodynamic requirements for photocatalytic water-splitting reactions. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.