Organic monoliths for high-performance reversed-phase liquid chromatography

RPLC is the most common mode of LC. It is widely used for separations of both small and large molecules. Monolithic columns, which are currently under intensive study by many groups, have the potential of becoming attractive alternatives to particle-packed columns. They are generally easier and faster to fabricate, and they demonstrate a lower pressure drop, less nonspecific adsorption, and richer chemistry (in the case of organic polymer monoliths) for providing broad selectivity. Silica monoliths, as is also true for columns packed with silica particles, are best applied to small-molecule separations. Organic polymer monoliths, on the other hand, have shown advantages for large-molecule separations. Recently, improvements in organic monoliths have led to efficiencies for small molecules that are approaching and even surpassing 100000 plates/m. While this performance is still far short of what is currently available using modern small particles and silica monoliths in RPLC, steady progress is being made. This review describes recent developments in the synthesis and performance of organic polymer RPLC monoliths, and identifies areas where additional work is needed to significantly improve their performance for both small- and large-molecule separations.