期刊
PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY
卷 56, 期 8, 页码 1472-1480出版社
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv063
关键词
Calcium; Innate immunity; Pathogen-associated molecular patterns; Pattern recognition receptors; Phosphorylation; Reactive oxygen species
资金
- Gatsby Charitable Foundation
- European Research Council [KAKENHI 24228008]
- RIKEN Special Postdoctoral Research Fellowship
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Uehara Memorial Foundation
Pathogen recognition induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidases in both plants and animals. ROS have direct antimicrobial properties, but also serve as signaling molecules to activate further immune outputs. However, ROS production has to be tightly controlled to avoid detrimental effects on host cells, but yet must be produced in the right amount, at the right place and at the right time upon pathogen perception. Plant NADPH oxidases belong to the respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH) family, which contains 10 members in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) leads to a rapid, specific and strong production of ROS, which is dependent on RBOHD. RBOHD is mainly controlled by Ca2+ via direct binding to EF-hand motifs and phosphorylation by Ca2+-dependent protein kinases. Recent studies have, however, revealed a critical role for a Ca2+-independent regulation of RBOHD. The plasma membrane-associated cytoplasmic kinase BIK1 (BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE1), which is a direct substrate of the PRR complex, directly interacts with and phosphorylates RBOHD upon PAMP perception. Impairment of these phosphorylation events completely abolishes the function of RBOHD in immunity. These results suggest that RBOHD activity is tightly controlled by multilayered regulations. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms controlling RBOHD activation.
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