Phase-, shape- and size-controlled synthesis of NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ nanoparticles using rare-earth acetate precursors

Hexagonal-phase NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with a uniform size distribution were synthesized using rare-earth acetates as precursors. The effects of reaction temperature and time on the phase transition process of the UCNPs were systematically studied. Based on the evolution of particle morphology and phase with temperature and time, it could be concluded that the transition from cubic phase to hexagonal phase for NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ UCNPs was consistent with a dissolution/recrystallization process. In addition, the shape and size of the UCNPs could be controlled by adjusting the solvent ratio and the precursor ratio, respectively.