The independent role of deprivation in abdominal obesity beyond income poverty. A population-based household survey in Chinese adults

Background Individual-level deprivation takes into account the non-monetary aspects of poverty that neither income poverty nor socio-economic factors could fully capture; however, it has rarely been considered in existing studies on social inequality in obesity. Therefore, we examined the associations of deprivation, beyond income poverty, with both general and abdominal obesity. Methods A territory-wide two-stage stratified random sample of 2282 community-dwelling Hong Kong adults was surveyed via face-to-face household interviews between 2014 and 2015. Deprivation was assessed by a Deprivation Index specific to the Hong Kong population. General obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) >= 25 kg/m(2), while abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference (WC) >= 90 cm/80 cm for male/female. Multivariable binary logistic regressions were performed. Results Deprivation was independently associated with abdominal obesity (odds ratios (OR) = 1.68; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.27-2.22); however, no significant association was found with general obesity (OR = 1.03; CI: 0.77-1.38). After additional adjustment for BMI, deprivation remained strongly associated with abdominal obesity (OR = 2.00; CI: 1.41-2.83); and after further adjustment for WC, deprivation had a marginal inverse association with general obesity (OR = 0.72; CI: 0.51-1.01). Conclusions Deprivation is an important risk factor of abdominal obesity and plays a critical role in capturing the preferential abdominal fat deposition beyond income poverty.