期刊
JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH
卷 12, 期 6, 页码 2833-2845出版社
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/pr4001702
关键词
infant; pediatric; nutrition; breast feeding; formula feeding; metabolism; metabolomics; NMR spectroscopy; gut microbiota; microbiome; immune system
资金
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre
Epidemiological research has indicated a relationship between infant formula feeding and increased risk of chronic diseases later in life including obesity, type-2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The present study used an infant rhesus monkey model to compare the comprehensive metabolic implications of formula- and breast-feeding practices using NMR spectroscopy to characterize metabolite fingerprints from urine and serum, in combination with anthropometric measurements, fecal microbial profiling, and cytokine measurements. Here we show that formula-fed infants are larger than their breast-fed counterparts and have a different gut microbiome that includes higher levels of bacteria from the Ruminococcus genus and lower levels of bacteria from the Lactobacillus genus. In addition, formula-fed infants have higher serum insulin coupled with higher amino acid levels, while amino acid degradation products were higher in breast-fed infants. Increases in serum and urine galactose and urine galactitol were observed in the second month of life in formula-fed infants, along with higher levels of TNF alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-1 beta, IL-4, and other cytokines and growth factors at week 4. These results demonstrate that metabolic and gut microbiome development of formula-fed infants is different from breast-fed infants and that the choice of infant feeding may hold future health consequences.
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