High performance amorphous-Si@SiOx/C composite anode materials for Li-ion batteries derived from ball-milling and in situ carbonization

Amorphous-Si@SiOx/C composites with amorphous Si particles as core and coated with a double layer of SiOx and carbon are prepared by ball-milling crystal micron-sized silicon powders and carbonization of the citric acid intruded in the ball-milled Si. Different ratios of Si to citric acid are used in order to optimize the electrochemical performance. It is found that SiOx exists naturally at the surfaces of raw Si particles and its content increases to ca. 24 wt.% after ball-milling. With an optimized Si to citric acid, weight ratio of 1/2.5, corresponding to 8.4 wt.% C in the composite, a thin carbon layer is coated on the surfaces of a-Si@SiOx particles, moreover, floc-like carbon also forms and connects the carbon coated a-Si@SiOx particles. The composite provides a capacity of 1450 mA h g(-1) after 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g(1), and a capacity of 1230 mA h g(-1) after 100 cycles at 500 mA g(1) as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Effects of ball-milling and the addition of citric acid on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of the composites are revealed and the mechanism of the improvement in electrochemical properties is discussed. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.