New inorganic-organic proton conducting membranes based on Nafion® and [(ZrO2)•(SiO2)0.67]nanoparticles:: Synthesis vibrational studies and conductivity

In this report is described the preparation of six nanocomposite membranes of formula {Nafion/[(ZrO2)center dot(SiO2)(0.67)](Psi ZrO2)} with Psi ZrO2 ranging from 0 to 1.79 based on Nafion (R) and [(ZrO2)center dot(SiO2)(0.67)] nanofiller. Morphology investigations carried out by SEM measurements indicate that the composition of membranes is asymmetric. Indeed, with respect to the direction of the films after casting procedure, the top side (A-side) and bottom side (B-side) present a different nanofiller concentration. The concentration of nanofiller increases gradually from A to B side. The membranes present thicknesses ranging from 170 to 350 nm and are studied by FT-IR ATR and micro-Raman measurements. The vibrational investigations permit us to reveal that: (a) the hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) domains of Nafion (R) are composed of a mixture of polymer chains with 15(7) and 10(3) helical conformations; (b) the concentration of chains with 10(3) helical conformation depends on the nanofiller concentration and is much higher in side A; (c) six different water domains are present in bulk membranes which are singled out as I, II1, II, II1, III and IV; (d) water uptake of membranes is correlated to the conformational transition 10(3) -> 15(7) of PTFE chains occurring in hydrophobic domains of Nafion (R). The conductivity of {Nafion/[(ZrO2)center dot(SiO2)(0.67)](Psi ZrO2)} was determined by analyzing the complex conductivity plots measured in the frequency and temperature range of 10(-2) Hz-10 MHz and 5-155 degrees C, respectively. Interestingly, the {Nafion/[(ZrO2)center dot(SiO2)(0.67)](Psi ZrO2)} nanocomposite membranes with Psi ZrO2 = 0.313 and 0.534 showed values of conductivity of 4.3 x 10(-2) S cm(-1) at 135 degrees C and of 3.5 x 10(-2) S cm(-1) at 115 degrees C, respectively. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.