The Disproportionation of Cu(I)X Mediated by Ligand and Solvent into Cu(0) and Cu(II)X2 and Its Implications for SET-LRP

Disproportionation of Cu(I)X is the major step in Single-Electron Transfer Living Radical Polymerization (SET-LRP). The disproportionation of Cu(I)X mediated by Me-6-TREN in various solvents was studied through UV-vis spectroscopy and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). UV-vis experiments reveal that disproportionation is dependent on both solvent composition and concentration of Me-6-TREN, consistent with a revised equilibrium expression and corroborated by mathematical models. Electrochemistry data do not accurately predict the extent of disproportionation in the presence of Me6-TREN. Exemplified by DMSO, a favored solvent for SET-LRP, LTV-vis spectroscopy shows that under certain conditions disproportionation is four-orders of magnitude greater than the value reported from electrochemistry experiments. Through LTV-vis and DLS analysis, it was demonstrated that DMSO, DMF, DMAC, and NMP, stabilize colloidal Cu(0), while acetone, EtOH, EC, MeOH, PC, and H2O facilitate agglomeration of Cu(0) particles. Additionally, for colloidal Cu(0) stabilizing solvents, the amount of ligand and solvent composition decide the particle size distribution. Therefore, the kinetics of SET-LRP are cooperatively and synergistically determined by the complex interplay of solvent polarity, the extent of disproportionation in the solvent/ligand mixture, and the ability of that mixture to stabilize colloidal Cu(0) or control particle size distribution. The implications of these results for SET-LRP are discussed. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47:5606-5628, 2009