Defect Engineering of BiI3 Single Crystals: Enhanced Electrical and Radiation Performance for Room Temperature Gamma-Ray Detection

Undoped and Sb-doped BiI3 (SBI) single crystals are grown via the vertical Bridgman growth technique. Electrical properties, such as resistivity and leakage current, in addition to radiation response measurements are performed on both BiI3 and SBI single crystal detectors. The resistivity of SBI (2.6310(9) Omega.cm) increases by an order of magnitude compared to that of BiI3 (1.45 x 10(8) Omega.cm). Furthermore, leakage currents of SBI (10(-2) mu A/cm(2)) decrease by four orders magnitude relative to BiI3. The radiation response of the SBI indicates that less polarization exists under bias for prolonged periods of time, making SBI a promising material for use in gamma-ray detector applications. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict that Sb forms strong covalent bonds with neighboring iodine ions and that the Sb-I dimer can be formed when Sb is doped into the BiI3 lattice. In addition, defect modeling verifies that substitution of Bi ions with Sb and incorporation of Sb in iodine vacancy sites can effectively decrease the formation and migration of iodine vacancies, which significantly improves radiation detection performance of the material.