Doping TiO2 with p-block elements: Effects on photocatalytic activity

A critical overview is presented on the role that first row p-block elements boron, carbon, nitrogen and fluorine, employed as dopants of TiO2, have in improving the capability of this photocatalyst in harvesting solar light for photocatalytic applications. The peculiar physicochemical properties of doped TiO2 materials are described in terms of the results of both theoretical calculations and photocatalytic efficiency tests, in relation to their bulk and surface features. The limitations of doping titania with non metal elements are outlined and a few recent examples of very promising co-doping effects are discussed. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.