Targeting Cannabinoid Receptors as a Novel Approach in the Treatment of Graft-versus-Host Disease: Evidence from an Experimental Murine Model

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HOT) is widely used to treat patients with life-threatening malignant and nonmalignant hematological diseases. However, allogeneic HOT often is accompanied by severe and lethal complications from graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), in which activated donor T cells recognize histocompatibility antigenic mismatches and cause significant toxicity in the recipient. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that activation of cannabinoid receptors on donor-derived T cells may prevent GVHD. We tested the effect of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in an acute model of GVHD that was induced by transferring parental 057BL/6 (B6) spleen cells into (057BL/6 x DBA/2) F-1(BDF1) mice. Transfer of B6 cells into BDF1 mice produced severe acute GVHD in the recipient, characterized by lymphoid hyperplasia, weight loss, T helper I cytokine production and mortality. THC administration led to early recovery from body weight loss, reduced tissue injury in the liver and intestine, as well as complete survival. THC treatment reduced the expansion of donor-derived effector T cells and blocked the killing of host-derived immune cells while promoting Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. Impaired hematopoiesis seen during GVHD was rescued by treatment with THC. The ability of THC to reduce the clinical GVHD was reversed, at least in part, by administration of cannabinoid receptor (CB) 1 and CB2 antagonists, thereby demonstrating that THC-mediated amelioration of GVHD was cannabinoid receptor-dependent. Our results demonstrate for the first time that targeting cannabinoid receptors may constitute a novel treatment modality against acute GVHD.