Oil recovery modeling of macro-emulsion flooding at low capillary number

Emulsion flooding has been shown to offer a significant potential as an enhanced-oil recovery (EOR) strategy. Moreover, recovery mechanisms of several chemical EOR methods, including alkaline and alkaline-surfactant flooding applied to heavy oil, are linked to in situ formation of emulsions. To enable emulsion flooding designs, EOR mechanisms must be adequately represented in reservoir simulators to upscale pore-level effects to the continuum in porous media. In this work, we have incorporated two known effects of emulsion flooding, namely an increased pore-level displacement efficiency and a macroscopic mobility control through changes in relative permeability curves. To this end, we used three types of emulsion and oil relative permeability curves: (1) through history matching of unsteady-state emulsion flooding data; (2) from direct use of Darcy law on steady state two-phase flow experiments; and (3) synthetic curves at which pore level displacement efficiency is characterized by the curve endpoint saturation and the macroscopic sweep efficiency by the water curve end-point. A parametric analysis of a 1/4 of a 5-spot geometry shows that the displacement efficiency effect is predominantly responsible for the incremental oil recovery observed experimentally. The results also indicate that the amount of oil recovered depends on the complete relative permeability curves, and not only the endpoint values. These findings imply that properly designed emulsions should produce significant recovery benefits. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.