Topical and intermittent application of parathyroid hormone recovers alveolar bone loss in rat experimental periodontitis

Background and Objective: Periodontitis is characterized by periodontal tissue inflammation and alveolar bone loss. The intermittent administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH), a major regulator of bone remodeling, has been demonstrated to stimulate osteoblastic activity. Although the systemic administration of PTH has been reported to protect against periodontitis-associated bone loss, the effect of the topical administration of PTH is unclear. In this study, the effect of intermittent administration of PTH on osteoblastic differentiation was examined in cultured calvaria cells and then the effect of topical and intermittent administration of PTH was determined by measuring the recovery of alveolar bone loss after inducing experimental periodontitis in rats. Material and Methods: Alkaline phosphatase activity and bone nodule formation were measured in fetal rat calvaria cells. Experimental periodontitis was induced by placing nylon ligature around rat maxillary molars for 20 d. After ligature removal (day 0), PTH was topically injected into buccal gingiva three times a week for 10 wk. Micro-computed tomography analysis and histological examination were performed on days 35 and 70. Results: Intermittent exposure of PTH in calvaria cells increased alkaline phosphatase activity and bone nodule formation by 1.4- and 2.4-fold, respectively. Ligature procedures induced marked alveolar bone loss around the molars on day 0 and greater bone recovery was observed in the PTH-treated rats on day 70. An increase in osteoid formation on the surface of alveolar bone was detected in the PTH-treated rats. Conclusion: Intermittent treatment with PTH stimulated osteoblastic differentiation in fetal rat calvaria cell cultures, and topical and intermittent administration of PTH recovered alveolar bone loss in rat experimental periodontitis.