Impurity-bound states and Green's function zeros as local signatures of topology

We show that the local in-gap Green's function of a band insulator G(0)(epsilon, k(parallel to), r(vertical bar) = 0), with r(|) the position perpendicular to a codimension-1 or codimension-2 impurity, reveals the topological nature of the phase. For a topological insulator, the eigenvalues of this Green's function attain zeros in the gap, whereas for a trivial insulator the eigenvalues remain nonzero. This topological classification is related to the existence of in-gap bound states along codimension-1 and codimension-2 impurities. Whereas codimension-1 impurities can be viewed as soft edges, the result for codimension-2 impurities is nontrivial and allows for a direct experimental measurement of the topological nature of two-dimensional insulators.