期刊
JOURNAL OF PAIN
卷 13, 期 3, 页码 285-292出版社
CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2011.11.008
关键词
Smoking; cigarettes; chronic pain; coping
资金
- Portland VA Medical Center
- National Institute on Drug Abuse [K23DA023467]
- Endo
- Johnson Johnson
- Philips Respironics
- National Institutes of Health
- Eli Lilly
- Empi
- Pfizer
- SK LifeScience
Smoking cigarettes is prevalent among individuals with chronic pain. Some studies indicate nicotine reduces pain and others suggest it may cause or exacerbate pain. Participants in this cross-sectional study were 151 chronic pain patients from a large, urban VA medical center. Patients were divided into 3 groups: 1) nonsmokers; 2) smokers who deny using cigarettes to cope with pain; and 3) smokers who report using cigarettes to cope with pain. Patients who reported smoking as a coping strategy for chronic pain scored significantly worse compared with the other 2 groups on the majority of measures of pain-related outcome. Nonsmokers and smokers who denied smoking to cope did not differ on any variable examined. After controlling for the effects of demographic and clinical factors, smoking cigarettes as a coping strategy for pain was significantly and positively associated with pain intensity (P = .04), pain interference (P = .005), and fear of pain (P = .04). In addition to assessing general smoking status, a more specific assessment of the chronic pain patient's reasons for smoking may be an important consideration as part of interdisciplinary pain treatment. Perspective: This paper describes the relationship between smoking cigarettes as a mechanism to cope with chronic pain and pain-related outcome. Understanding this relationship may illuminate the broader relationship between smoking and chronic pain and provide new directions for effective interdisciplinary pain treatment.
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