An electrochemical investigation of rutile TiO2 microspheres anchored by nanoneedle clusters for sodium storage

Rutile TiO2 microspheres anchored by nanoneedle clusters, as a new class of anode materials, are successfully employed for sodium-ion batteries and manifested good energy storage behavior. The initial discharge capacity of 308.8 mA h g(-1) is obtained and a high reversible capacity of 121.8 mA h g(-1) is maintained after 200 cycles at a current density of 0.1 C, exhibiting a high capacity retention of 83.1%. All these merits are not only ascribed to the rutile TiO2 crystal structure, but also thanks to the porous morphology of hundreds of nanoneedle clusters in favor of sodium diffusion and accommodating the strain during the sodiation and desodiation processes. Therefore, it is highly expected that rutile TiO2, as a feasible electrochemical sodium storage material, can be a new promising candidate as an anode for sodium-ion batteries.