Gamma-tocotrienol induced apoptosis is associated with unfolded protein response in human breast cancer cells

Gamma-tocotrienol (gamma-T3) is a member of the vitamin E family. Tocotrienols (T3s) are powerful antioxidants and possess anticancer, neuroprotective and cholesterol-lowering properties. Tocotrienols inhibit the growth of various cancer cell lines without affecting normal cells. Less is known about the exact mechanisms of action of T3s on cell death and other growth inhibitory pathways. In the present study, we demonstrate that gamma-T3 induces apoptosis in MDA-MB 231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells as evident by PARP cleavage and caspase-7 activation. Gene expression analysis of MCF-7 cells treated with gamma-T3 revealed alterations in the expression of multiple genes involved in cell growth and proliferation, cell death, cell cycle, cellular development, cellular movement and gene expression. Further analysis of differentially modulated genes using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software suggested modulation of canonical signal transduction or metabolic pathways such as NRF-2-mediated oxidative stress response, TGF-beta signaling and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Analysis of ER-stress-related proteins in MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 cells treated with gamma-T3 demonstrated activation of PERK and pIRE1 alpha pathway to induce ER stress. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) was identified as the most up-regulated gene (16.8-fold) in response to gamma-T3. Activating transcription factor 3 knockdown using siRNA suggested an essential role of ATF3 in gamma-T3-induced apoptosis. In summary, we demonstrate that gamma-T3 modulates ER stress signaling and have identified ATF3 as a molecular target for gamma-T3 in breast cancer cells. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.