Ethanol Intoxication Is Associated with a Lower Incidence of Admission Coagulopathy in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patients

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of ethanol (ETOH) on the incidence of severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI)-associated coagulopathy and to examine the effect of ETOH on in-hospital outcomes in patients sustaining sTBI. Patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit from June 2005 through December 2008 following sTBI, defined as a head Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score >= 3, were retrospectively identified. Patients with a chest, abdomen, or extremity AIS score > 3 were excluded to minimize the impact of extracranial injuries. Criteria for sTBI-associated coagulopathy included thrombocytopenia and/or elevated International Normalized Ratio (INR) and/or prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). The incidence of admission coagulopathy, in-hospital complications, and mortality were compared between patients who were ETOH positive [ETOH (+)] and ETOH negative [ETOH (-)]. During the study period, there were 439 patients with ETOH levels available for analysis. Overall, 46.5% (n = 204) of these patients were ETOH (+), while 53.5% (n = 235) were ETOH (-). Coagulopathy was significantly less frequent in the ETOH (+) patients compared to their ETOH (-) counterparts (5.4% versus 15.3%; adjusted p < 0.001). In the forward logistic regression analysis, a positive ETOH level proved to be an independent protective factor for admission coagulopathy [OR (95% CI) = 0.24 (0.10,0.54; p = 0.001]. ETOH (+) patients had a significantly lower in-hospital mortality rate than ETOH (-) patients [9.8% versus 16.6%; adjusted p = 0.011; adjusted OR (95% CI) = 0.39 (0.19,0.81)]. For brain-injured patients arriving alive to the hospital, ETOH intoxication is associated with a significantly lower incidence of early coagulopathy and in-hospital mortality. Further research to establish the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying any potential beneficial effect of ETOH on the coagulation system following sTBI is warranted.