期刊
PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
卷 370, 期 1683, 页码 -出版社
ROYAL SOC
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0016
关键词
altruism; cooperation; mathematical modelling; collaboration; evolutionarily stable strategies
类别
资金
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis through NSF [EF-0830858]
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory
- U.S. Army Research Office [W911NF-14-1-0637]
- Div Of Biological Infrastructure
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1300426] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
I review the theoretical and experimental literature on the collective action problem in groups whose members differ in various characteristics affecting individual costs, benefits and preferences in collective actions. I focus on evolutionary models that predict how individual efforts and fitnesses, group efforts and the amount of produced collective goods depend on the group's size and heterogeneity, as well as on the benefit and cost functions and parameters. I consider collective actions that aim to overcome the challenges from nature or win competition with neighbouring groups of co-specifics. I show that the largest contributors towards production of collective goods will typically be group members with the highest stake in it or for whom the effort is least costly, or those who have the largest capability or initial endowment. Under some conditions, such group members end up with smaller net pay-offs than the rest of the group. That is, they effectively behave as altruists. With weak nonlinearity in benefit and cost functions, the group effort typically decreases with group size and increases with within-group heterogeneity. With strong nonlinearity in benefit and cost functions, these patterns are reversed. I discuss the implications of theoretical results for animal behaviour, human origins and psychology.
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