Early evolution of histone genes:: Prevalence of an 'Orphon' H1 lineage in protostomes and birth-and-death process in the H2A family

The study of histone evolution has experienced a rebirth, for two main reasons: the identification of new essential histone variants responsible for regulating chromatin dynamics and the subsequent contradictions posed by this variability as it pertains to their long-term evolution process. Although different evolutionary models (e.g., birth-and-death evolution, concerted evolution) may account for the observed divergence of histone genes, conclusive evidence is lacking (e.g., histone H1) or totally nonexistent (e.g., histone H2A). While most of the published work has focused on deuterostomes, very little is known about the diversification and functional differentiation mechanisms followed by histone protein subtypes in protostomes, for which histone variants have only been recently described. In this study, we identify linker and core histone genes in three clam species. Our results demonstrate the prevalence of an 'orphon' H1 lineage in molluscs, a group in which the protostome H1 and sperm nuclear basic proteins are on the verge of diversification. They share an early monophyletic origin with vertebrate-specific variants prior to the differentiation between protostomes and deuterostomes. Given the intringuing evolutionary features of the histone H1 family, we have evaluated the relative importance of gene conversion, point mutation, and selection in maintaining the diversity found among H2A subtypes in eukaryotes. We show evidence for the first time that the long-term evolution of this family is not subject to concerted evolution but, rather, to a gradual evolution following a birth-and-death model under a strong purifying selection at the protein level.