Structural evidence for co-evolution of the regulation of contraction and energy production in skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase (PhK) is a Ca(2+)-dependent enzyme complex, (alpha beta gamma delta)(4), with the delta subunit being tightly bound endogenous calmodulin (CaM). The Ca(2+)-dependent activation of glycogen phosphorylase by PhK couples muscle contraction with glycogen breakdown in the excitation-contraction-energy production triad. Although the Ca(2+)-dependent protein-protein interactions among the relevant contractile components of muscle are well characterized, such interactions have not been previously examined in the intact PhK complex. Here we show that zero-length cross-linking of the PhK complex produces a covalent dimer of its catalytic gamma and CaM subunits. Utilizing mass spectrometry, we determined the residues cross-linked to be in an EF hand of CaM and in a region of the gamma subunit sharing high sequence similarity with the Ca(2+)-sensitive molecular switch of troponin I that is known to bind actin and troponin C, a homolog of CaM. Our findings represent an unusual binding of CaM to a target protein and supply an explanation for the low Ca(2+) stoichiometry of PhK that has been reported. They also provide direct structural evidence supporting co-evolution of the coordinate regulation by Ca(2+) of contraction and energy production in muscle through the sharing of a common structural motif in troponin I and the catalytic subunit of PhK for their respective interactions with the homologous Ca(2+)-binding proteins troponin C and CaM. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.