Strategies To Inhibit Tumor Associated Integrin Receptors: Rationale for Dual and Multi-Antagonists

The integrins are a family of 24 heterodimeric transmembrane cell surface receptors. Involvement in cell attachment to the extracellular matrix, motility, and proliferation identifies integrins as therapeutic targets in cancer and associated conditions: thrombosis, angiogenesis, and osteoporosis. The most reported strategy for drug development is synthesis of an agent that is highly selective for a single integrin receptor. However, the ability of cancer cells to change their integrin repertoire in response to drug treatment renders this approach vulnerable to the development of resistance and paradoxical promotion of tumor growth. Here, we review progress toward development of antagonists targeting two or more members of the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) binding integrins, notably alpha(v)beta(3), alpha(v)beta(s), alpha(v)beta(6), alpha(v)beta(8), alpha(s)beta(1), and alpha(IIb)beta(3) as anticancer therapeutics.