Structure-Based Discovery of Triphenylmethane Derivatives as Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus Helicase

Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 3 (HCV NS3) helicase is believed to be essential for viral replication and has become an attractive target for the development of antiviral drugs. A fluorescence resonant energy transfer helicase assay was established for fast screening of putative inhibitors selected from virtual screening using the program DOCK. Soluble blue HT (1) was first identified as a novel HCV helicase inhibitor. Crystal structure of the NS3 helicase in complex with soluble blue HT shows that the inhibitor bears a significantly higher binding affinity mainly through a 4-sulfonatophenylaminophenyl group, and this is consistent with the activity assay. Subsequently, fragment-based searches were utilized to identify triphenylmethane derivatives for more potent inhibitors. Lead optimization resulted in a 3-bromo-4-hydroxyl substituted derivative 12 with an EC50 value of 2.72 mu M to Ava.5/Huh-7 cells and a lower cytotoxicity to parental Huh-7 cells (CC50 = 10.5 mu M), and it indeed suppressed HCV replication in the HCV replicon cells. Therefore, these inhibitors with structural novelty may serve as a useful scaffold for the discovery of new HCV NS3 helicase inhibitors.