Characterization and Prediction of Microporosity Defect in Sand Cast WE54 Alloy Castings

In order to study the effect of Zr modification and riser size on microporosity defect distributions in WE54 alloy sand castings, the microporosity volume percentage in Zr-free and Zr-containing WE54 alloy plate castings was determined by density measurement based on Archimedes' principle, and the microstructure of the microporosity defects was observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Then by using Procast software, the Niyama criterion was calculated in order to investigate the validity of Niyama criterion on prediction of microporosity defects in WE54 alloy sand castings. It is found from the density measurement results that Zr addition does not affect the microporosity distributions in WE54 alloy castings. While the distribution area of microporosity defect in the plate castings decreases significantly as the riser size increases. Based on the experimental results, a riser selection principle for production of compact WE54 alloy castings is proposed that the solidification modulus of the riser should be greater than that of the casting by 30%, simply m(r) >= 1.3m(c). By comparing the experimental and simulating results, it is found that the predicted microporosity regions by Niyama criterion agrees well with experimental results, and a critical Niyama value of 0.4 degrees C-0.5 s(0.5) mm(-1) is suggested for prediction of microporosity formation in WE54 alloy sand castings.