In situ synthesis of platinum/polyaniline composite counter electrodes for flexible dye-sensitized solar cells

A platinum/polyaniline (Pt/PANI) film with well dispersed Pt nanoparticles of 1.5 nm in size and a low Pt loading of 1.1 mu g cm(-2) as a flexible counter electrode exhibits higher photoelectric conversion efficiencies than the conventional sputtered Pt electrode under front and rear illumination.