Monte Carlo simulation and theory of proton NMR transverse relaxation induced by aggregation of magnetic particles used as MRI contrast agents

Superparamagnetic particles are widely used in MRI as R-2 contrast agents. In this last decade, different studies have focused on aggregation of superparamagnetic particles for important applications such as multimodal agents. A complete study - via simulations - of the influence of aggregation on the MR efficiency of these particles at high magnetic field is presented here. First, an empirical expression is proposed for R-2 in the presence of uniformly distributed nanoparticles, taking into account two regimes at once (motional averaging and slow motion regimes). Three cluster shapes are simulated: Sphere, shell and line. An analytical model is proposed to understand water transverse relaxation induced by spherical and shell aggregates. Simulations lead to the conclusion that, in the motional averaging regime, the most efficient aggregate contrast agent is the densest sphere or shell. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.