Signature Nucleotide Polymorphisms at Positions 64 and 65 in Reverse Transcriptase Favor the Selection of the K65R Resistance Mutation in HIV-1 Subtype C

Recently, we described a novel nucleotide template-based mechanism that may be the basis for the facilitated acquisition of the K65R resistance mutation in subtype C versus subtype B human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In this article, we evaluated the effects of subtype C-specific silent polymorphisms in cell culture drug-selection experiments using nucleoside and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors. The K65R pathway was selected more frequently in a subtype B virus that contained subtype C nucleotide polymorphisms at both positions 64 and 65 than in a wildtype NL4-3 subtype B virus. This is the first demonstration of the significance of silent nucleotide polymorphisms in the development of drug resistance.