期刊
JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
卷 187, 期 10, 页码 5268-5276出版社
AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS
DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100949
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资金
- Danish Medical Research Council [09-072636]
- Novo Nordisk Foundation
- Velux Foundation
- Lundbeck Foundation [R17-A1526, R34-3855]
- Elvira og Rasmus Riisforts Almenvelgorende Fond
- Aarhus University Research Foundation
- Kathrine og Vigo Skovgaards Fond
- National Institutes of Health [AI092230]
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Marie Curie Incoming International Fellowship
- BBSRC [BB/G021422/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- MRC [MC_U130115834] Funding Source: UKRI
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/G021422/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- Lundbeck Foundation [R34-2009-3855] Funding Source: researchfish
- Medical Research Council [MC_U130115834] Funding Source: researchfish
Autophagy has been established as a player in host defense against viruses. The mechanisms by which the host induces autophagy during infection are diverse. In the case of HSV type 1 (HSV-1), dsRNA-dependent protein kinase is essential for induction of autophagy in fibroblasts through phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2 alpha). HSV-1 counteracts autophagy via ICP34.5, which dephosphorylates eIF2 alpha and inhibits Beclin 1. Investigation of autophagy during HSV-1 infection has largely been conducted in permissive cells, but recent work suggests the existence of a eIF2 alpha-independent autophagy-inducing pathway in nonpermissive cells. To clarify and further characterize the existence of a novel autophagy-inducing pathway in nonpermissive cells, we examined different HSV and cellular components in murine myeloid cells for their role in autophagy. We demonstrate that HSV-1-induced autophagy does not correlate with phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha, is independent of functional dsRNA-dependent protein kinase, and is not antagonized by ICP34.5. Autophagy was activated independent of viral gene expression, but required viral entry. Importantly, we found that the presence of genomic DNA in the virion was essential for induction of autophagy and, conversely, that transfection of HSV-derived DNA induced microtubule-associated protein 1 L chain II formation, a marker of autophagy. This occurred through a mechanism dependent on stimulator of IFN genes, an essential component for the IFN response to intracellular DNA. Finally, we observed that HSV-1 DNA was present in the cytosol devoid of capsid material following HSV-1 infection of dendritic cells. Thus, our data suggest that HSV-1 genomic DNA induces autophagy in nonpermissive cells in a stimulator of IFN gene-dependent manner. The Journal of Immunology, 2011, 187: 5268-5276.
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