Characterization of Trex1 Induction by IFN-γ in Murine Macrophages

39 Repair exonuclease (Trex1) is the most abundant mammalian 3'-> 5' DNA exonuclease with specificity for ssDNA. Trex1 deficiency has been linked to the development of autoimmune disease in mice and humans, causing Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome in the latter. In addition, polymorphisms in Trex1 are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. On the basis of all these observations, it has been hypothesized that Trex1 acts by digesting an endogenous DNA substrate. In this study, we report that Trex1 is regulated by IFN-gamma during the activation of primary macrophages. IFN-gamma upregulates Trex1 with the time course of an early gene, and this induction occurs at the transcription level. The half-life of mRNA is relatively short (half-life of 70 min). The coding sequence of Trex1 has only one exon and an intron of 260 bp in the promoter in the nontranslated mRNA. Three transcription start sites were detected, the one at -580 bp being the most important. In transient transfection experiments using the Trex1 promoter, we have found that two IFN-gamma activation site boxes, as well as an adaptor protein complex 1 box, were required for the IFN-gamma-dependent induction. By using EMSA assays and chromatin immune precipitation assays, we determined that STAT1 binds to the IFN-gamma activation site boxes. The requirement of STAT1 for Trex1 induction was confirmed using macrophages from Stat1 knockout mice. We also establish that c-Jun protein, but not c-Fos, jun-B, or CREB, bound to the adaptor protein complex 1 box. Therefore, our results indicate that IFN-gamma induces the expression of the Trex1 exonuclease through STAT1 and c-Jun. The Journal of Immunology, 2011, 186: 2299-2308.