Diet and exercise in the prevention of diabetes

Background: Individuals with impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance are at high risk of progression to type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle modification through change to diet and exercise habit has considerable potential to prevent or delay the onset of this disease. Methods: A systematic literature search was undertaken of Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane library and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature for journal articles relevant to the question of whether type 2 diabetes can be prevented by lifestyle change. Results: Four cohort studies in a total of 4864 high risk individuals followed for a period of 2.5-6 years were identified. These showed that lifestyle change may reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes by 28-59%. Moreover, follow-up studies also indicate that diabetes incidence rates continue to be depressed many years after the discontinuation of a lifestyle intervention. Evidence from a meta-analysis confirms this evidence and suggests that it would be necessary to treat 6.4 (95% confidence interval 5.0-8.4) individuals to prevent or delay one case of diabetes through lifestyle intervention. An examination of weight loss diets (low fat, high protein or Mediterranean) suggests each may be effective but each has limitations requiring care in food selection. Evidence also suggests that the maintenance of weight loss also requires regular exercise with an additional expenditure of approximately 8.4 MJ week-1 (2000 kcal week-1). Conclusions: Diabetes can be prevented by lifestyle change. The challenge is to develop public health approaches to support individuals with respect to incorporating the lifestyle changes needed to reduce the risk of diabetes into their everyday life.