期刊
JOURNAL OF HUMAN EVOLUTION
卷 75, 期 -, 页码 110-124出版社
ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.05.007
关键词
Toughness; Young's modulus; Mandibular morphology; Feeding behavior; Diet; Pongo
资金
- Indonesian State Ministry for Research and Technology (RISTEK)
- Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI)
- Departemen Kehutanan (PHKA)
- Departamen Dalam Negri
- BKSDA Palangkaraya
- local government in Central Kalimantan
- Bornean Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOSF)
- Mawas in Palangkaraya
- National Science Foundation [BCS-0643122]
- L.S.B. Leakey Foundation [20070517]
- Denver Zoological Society
- University of Zurich
- A.H. Schultz Stiftung
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO)
- Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (WOTRO)
- Treub Foundation
- Dobberke Foundation
- Lucie Burgers Foundation for Comparative Behaviour Research
- World Wildlife Funds-NL Conservation Fund
- University of Amsterdam
Bornean orangutan mandibular morphology has been functionally linked to the exploitation of hard and tough foods, based on evidence that Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii spends a greater percentage of time feeding on bark, seeds and vegetation compared with Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutans) and the assumption that these tissues are more challenging to process than fruit pulp. We measured and compared toughness (R) and Young's modulus (E) of ripe and unripe foods exploited by P. abelii and P. p. wurmbii. Additionally, we recorded and compared the percentage of time these orangutans fed on plants/plant parts of varying degrees of R and E. Compared with P. abelii, P. p. wurmbii consumed significantly tougher and more displacement limited (R/E)(0.5) fruit parts, leaves and inner bark, and spent a significantly greater percentage of time feeding on immature leaves, unripe fruit and other vegetation. Modulus did not vary as expected between species, likely because we failed to capture the high-end range of modulus values for tissues consumed by P. p. wurmbii. Notably, P. p. wurmbii spent similar to 40% of its feeding time on the toughest foods consumed (between 1000 and 4000 J m(-2)). Thus, the hypothesis that mandibular robusticity in P. p. wurmbii is functionally linked to feeding on tough foods is supported and is likely related to countering relatively larger external forces and/or repetitive loads required to process the toughest tissues. The importance of elastic modulus on morphological divergence awaits future studies capturing the full range of this material property for P. p. wurmbii. Finally, phenophase and fruit availability influence orangutan species differences in food material properties and percentage of time spent feeding on various foods, emphasizing the importance of incorporating these variables in future studies of feeding ecology and craniodental morphology in extant taxa. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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