Evolution of rare-earth mineralization in the Bear Lodge carbonatite, Wyoming: Mineralogical and isotopic evidence

The Bear Lodge alkaline complex in northeastern Wyoming (USA) is host to potentially economic rare-earth mineralization in carbonatite and carbonatite-related veins and dikes that intrude heterolithic diatreme breccias in the Bull Hill area of the Bear Lodge Mountains. The deposit is zoned and consists of pervasively oxidized material at and near the surface, which passes through a thin transitional zone at a depth of similar to 120-183 m, and grades into unaltered carbonatites at depths greater than similar to 183-190 m. Carbonatites in the unoxidized zone consist of coarse and fine-grained calcite that is Sr-, Mn- and inclusion-rich and are characterized by the presence of primary burbankite, early-stage parisite and synchysite with minor bastnasite that have high (La/Nd)(cn) and (La/Ce)(cn) values. The early minerals are replaced with polycrystalline pseudomorphs consisting of secondary rare-earth fluorocarbonates and ancylite with minor monazite. Different secondary parageneses can be distinguished on the basis of the relative abundances and composition of individual minerals. Variations in key element ratios, such as (La/Nd)(cn), and chondrite-normalized profiles of the rare-earth minerals and calcite record multiple stages of hydrothermal deposition involving fluids of different chemistry. A single sample of primary calcite shows mantle-like delta O-18(V-SMOW) and delta C-13(V-PDB) values, whereas most other samples are somewhat depleted in C-13 (delta C-13(V-PDB)approximate to-8 to -10%circle) and show a small positive shift in delta O-18(V-SMOW) due to degassing and wall-rock interaction. Isotopic re-equilibration is more pronounced in the transitional and oxidized zones; large shifts in delta O-18(V-SMOW) (to similar to 18%circle) reflect the input of meteoric water during pervasive hydrothermal reworking and supergene oxidation. The textural relations, mineral chemistry and C and O stable-isotopic variations record a polygenetic sequence of rare-earth mineralization in the deposit. With the exception of one Pb-poor sample showing an appreciable positive shift in (208)pb/Pb-204 value (similar to 39.2), the Bear Lodge carbonatites are remarkably uniform in their Nd, Stand Pb isotopic composition: Nd-143/Nd-144(t) = 0.512591-0.512608; epsilon Nd-t = 0.2-0.6; Sr-87/Sr-86(t) = 0.704555-0.704639; epsilon Sr-t = 1.5-2.7; (206)pb/(204)pb(t) = 18.071-18.320; (207)pb/(204)pb(t) = 15.543-15.593; and (208)pb/(204)pb(t) = 38.045-39.165. These isotopic characteristics indicate that the source of the carbonatitic magma was in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, and modified by subduction-related metasomatism. Carbonatites are interpreted to be generated from small degrees of partial melt that may have been produced via interaction of upwelling asthenosphere giving a small depleted MORB component, with an EMI component likely derived from subducted Farallon crust. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.